Vaccines

An outbreak of measles occurred among adolescents in Corpus Christi, Texas, in the spring of 1985, even though vaccination requirements for school attendance had been thoroughly enforced. […] more than 99 percent had records of vaccination with live measles vaccine. […] We conclude that outbreaks of measles can occur in secondary schools, even when more than 99 percent of the students have been vaccinated and more than 95 percent are immune.

A multistate outbreak followed contact with an asymptomatic, fully vaccinated index patient….

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In total, 62 cases were identified (39 confirmed and 23 probable)…41 (66%) had received ≥2 doses of MMR vaccine [all but two (97%) had at least one dose]….

From December 9, 1983, to January 13, 1984, 21 cases of measles occurred in Sangamon County, Illinois. Nine of the cases were confirmed serologically. The outbreak involved 16 high school students, all of whom had histories of measles vaccination after 15 months of age documented in their school health records. Of the five remaining cases, four occurred in unvaccinated preschool children, two of whom were under 15 months of age, and one case occurred in a previously vaccinated college student.

The reported coverage of the measles–rubella (MR) or measles–mumps–rubella (MMR) vaccine is greater than 99.0% in Zhejiang province [China]. However, the incidence of measles, mumps, and rubella remains high.

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Since 2008, revaccination policy has been implemented with MRV for the secondary school students. In 2010, Supplementary Immunization Activity (SIA) was achieved throughout the whole country. This large-scale measles vaccination campaign was held on September, 2010, with providing a measles-mumps vaccine (MMV) to children aged from 8 months to 4 years old in the province. However, despite the safe, free, and high uptake rate of the two doses of measles-containing vaccine (MCV) and rubella-containing vaccine (RCV) and one dose of mumps-containing vaccine (MuCV), measles, mumps, and rubella remain common diseases throughout Zhejiang province. Measles outbreaks continued in 2008, with 12782 cases reported, which translated to 252.61 per million of the population. From 2009 to 2011, the incidence of measles remained high at 3.14–17.2 per million of the population. Similarly, the incidence of mumps increased from 394.32 to 558.26 per million of the population in 2007 and 2008, respectively. Finally, the reported cases of rubella increased from 3284 to 4284 in 2007 and 2011, respectively, representing a 30.45% increase or an increase from 65.94 to 78.71 per million of the population.

VARIVAX [Varicella Virus Vaccine Live] [a chickenpox Vaccine] is a preparation of the Oka/Merck strain of live, attenuated varicella virus. The virus was initially obtained from a child with wild-type varicella, then introduced into human embryonic lung cell cultures, adapted to and propagated in embryonic guinea pig cell cultures and finally propagated in human diploid cell cultures (WI‑38) [3‑month‑old aborted female lung tissue].

Each 0.5-mL dose also contains approximately 25 mg of sucrose, 12.5 mg hydrolyzed gelatin, 3.2 mg of sodium chloride, 0.5 mg of monosodium L-glutamate, 0.45 mg of sodium phosphate dibasic, 0.08 mg of potassium phosphate monobasic, and 0.08 mg of potassium chloride. The product also contains residual components of MRC-5 cells [14‑week‑old aborted male lung tissue] including DNA and protein and trace quantities of sodium phosphate monobasic, EDTA, neomycin and fetal bovine serum.

Each 0.5 mL dose [of Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids] is formulated to contain: 25 Lf diphtheria toxoid and 5 Lf tetanus toxoid. Other ingredients per 0.5 mL dose include: 1.5 mg aluminum phosphate and <100 mcg free formaldehyde.

HAVRIX (Hepatitis A Vaccine) is a sterile suspension of inactivated virus for intramuscular administration. The virus (strain HM175) is propagated in MRC-5 human diploid cells [14‑week‑old aborted male lung tissue].

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Each 1-mL adult dose of vaccine contains 1440 EL.U. of viral antigen, adsorbed on 0.5 mg of aluminum as aluminum hydroxide.

The Imovax® Rabies Vaccine produced by Sanofi Pasteur SA is a sterile, stable, freeze-dried suspension of rabies virus prepared from strain PM-1503-3M obtained from the Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA. The virus is harvested from infected human diploid cells, MRC-5 strain, [14‑week‑old aborted male lung tissue] concentrated by ultrafiltration and is inactivated by beta-propiolactone

FLUVIRIN® is a trivalent, sub-unit (purified surface antigen) influenza [flu] virus vaccine prepared from virus propagated in the allantoic cavity of embryonated hens’ eggs inoculated with a specific type of influenza virus suspension containing neomycin and polymyxin.

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The 5 mL multidose vial formulation contains thimerosal, a mercury derivative, added as a preservative. Each 0.5 mL dose from the multidose vial contains 25 mcg mercury.

For more than 20 years, Johnson & Johnson has invested billions of dollars in antivirals and vaccine capabilities. The COVID‑19 vaccine program is leveraging Janssen’s proven AdVac® and PER.C6® technologies [aborted human retinal cells] that provide the ability to rapidly develop new vaccine candidates and upscale production of the optimal vaccine candidate.

Learn more about vaccine ingredients at World Association for Vaccine Education.

Find lists of package inserts here and here.

Despite the removal of the mercury (Hg)-based preservative thimerosal from vaccines listed on the Australian Immunization Program Schedule for children, concerns remain among some researchers and parents for the safety of the present schedule, in part due to a fear of residual trace levels of Hg. […] …1 vaccine (Infanrix hexa) tested positive for Hg at 10 ppb.

We have examined the neurotoxicity of aluminum in humans and animals under various conditions, following different routes of administration, and provide an overview of the various associated disease states. […] In young children, a highly significant correlation exists between the number of pediatric aluminum-adjuvanted vaccines administered and the rate of autism spectrum disorders. Many of the features of aluminuminduced neurotoxicity may arise, in part, from autoimmune reactions, as part of the ASIA syndrome.

Aluminum oxyhydroxide (alum) is a crystalline compound widely used as an immunological adjuvant of vaccines. Concerns linked to the use of alum particles emerged following recognition of their causative role in the so-called macrophagic myofasciitis (MMF) lesion detected in patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue/syndrome.

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Alum has been used for decades to levels considered as an acceptable compromise between its role of adjuvant and its toxic effects by the industry and the regulatory agencies. However, the MMF story revealed several gaps in the knowledge on alum particles, including their exact mechanisms of action, their fate after injection, their systemic dissemination, and their safety on the long-term. Efforts have been done in the last years to develop novel adjuvants, but attempts to seriously examine safety concerns raised by the bio-persistent character and brain accumulation of alum particles have not been made.

According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 0.002 mg/L (2 ppb) of mercury in drinking water is enough to cause kidney damage.

All babies should get the first shot of hepatitis B vaccine within first 12 hours after birth.

The most common ways to get hepatitis B include:

• Sex….
• Sharing needles….
• Accidental needle sticks….
• Mother to child. Pregnant women with hepatitis B can pass it to their babies during childbirth.

Evidence presented in this paper suggests a possible link between susceptible children receiving a battery of vaccinations and developing autism or speech disorders. Although Hg [Mercury] has been removed from many childhood vaccines, other ingredients could link vaccines to autism. Aluminum, which is found in at least 20 U.S. childhood vaccines (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2010), is not only a neurotoxin, but also an immunosuppressant that may allow measles-containing vaccines to create cytokines that damage the brain.

Using data from three medical practices in the United States with children born between November 2005 and June 2015, vaccinated children were compared to unvaccinated children during the first year of life for later incidence of developmental delays, asthma, ear infections and gastrointestinal disorders.

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Vaccination before 1 year of age was associated with increased odds of developmental delays (OR = 2.18, 95% CI 1.47–3.24), asthma (OR = 4.49, 95% CI 2.04–9.88) and ear infections (OR = 2.13, 95% CI 1.63–2.78). In a quartile analysis, subjects were grouped by number of vaccine doses received in the first year of life. Higher odds ratios were observed in Quartiles 3 and 4 (where more vaccine doses were received) for all four health conditions considered, as compared to Quartile 1. In a temporal analysis, developmental delays showed a linear increase as the age cut-offs increased from 6 to 12 to 18 to 24 months of age (ORs = 1.95, 2.18, 2.92 and 3.51, respectively). Slightly higher ORs were also observed for all four health conditions when time permitted for a diagnosis was extended from ⩾ 3 years of age to ⩾ 5 years of age.

Vaccinations have prevented millions of infectious illnesses, hospitalizations and deaths among U.S. children, yet the long-term health outcomes of the vaccination schedule remain uncertain. […] In conclusion, vaccinated homeschool children were found to have a higher rate of allergies and NDD [neurodevelopmental disorders] [6.6-fold increase] than unvaccinated homeschool children.

The underlying assumption that influenza vaccination does not affect the risk of non-influenza is contradicted by a recent report from the follow up of a trial by Cowling et al. In 115 participants, those who received trivalent influenza vaccines had higher risk of acute respiratory infection associated with confirmed non-influenza respiratory virus infection (RR, 4.40; 95% CI, 1.31–14.8) compared to placebo recipients.

We randomized 115 children to trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV) or placebo. Over the following 9 months, TIV recipients had an increased risk of virologically-confirmed non-influenza infections (relative risk: 4.40; 95% confidence interval: 1.31-14.8).

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[W]e did not observe a statistically significant reduction in confirmed seasonal influenza virus infections in the TIV recipients….

In other words, the scientific study mentioned above found that people who got the flu shot were 4.4x more likely to get a non-flu respiratory virus infection and were not less likely to contract the flu.

$4,484,709,478.09 [over 4 billion dollars as of November 1st, 2020]

MIT engineers have developed a way to store medical information under the skin, using a quantum dot dye that is delivered, along with a vaccine, by a microneedle patch. The dye, which is invisible to the naked eye, can be read later using a specially adapted smartphone.

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The research was funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and the Koch Institute Support (core) Grant from the National Cancer Institute.